1) Hip Hop in a Post-Socialist Country：The Example of Mongolia

Ippei SHIMAMURA（National Museum of Ethnology）

Since the 90s, the focus of my work has been on the changes undergone in Mongolian hip hop and in 2021 I wrote Hippu hoppu mongolia in ga tsumugu jinruigaku (Hip Hop Mongolian Rhyme Anthropology) (Seidosha). This presentation provides an overview of the content of that book, while considering the special characteristics of hip hop in post-socialist countries, focusing on the example of Mongolia.

2) Hip Hop India

Bonpei CALCUTTA（Freelance Writer）

India is a country which is rich in hip hop elements: its people love to dance and debate; it is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural environment like the Bronx; there is a caste system and discrimination against ethnic minorities; and there is also serious inequality. While some espouse macho values, there are also many who advocate a conscious way of thinking. There is a need for “unity” between various religions and communities, and there is still a lack of empowerment for women. Traditionally, there is a culture of rhyming poetry with a strong emphasis on rhythm and meter, which can be seen in Indian classical music. In fact, the only hip hop element that is lacking is overt sexuality, which is taboo for religious and cultural reasons. We present how this American-born culture is practiced in the rapidly developing Indian hip hop scene.

3) The War in Ukraine and Russian hip hop – Post-Socialist Music and Nationalism

Yukio NAKANO（Doshisha University）

Hip hop entered the Tatar music scene in the 2000s and, while it was criticized by the conservative Tatar popular music world, it continued to tackle many everyday issues, such as inequality and injustice, poverty, loneliness and suicide. However, from the latter half of the 2010s, there has been a decrease in the number of songs connected with political criticism, and an increase in the number of songs confronting issues related to ethnic groups and languages. What is the background to Tatar hip hop and what do Tatar artists rap about? Taking Tatar hip hop as a case study, this presentation considers the kinds of issues facing ethnic minorities living in Russia today.